Umenzi wePCB okhuphisanayo

Iibhodi zesekethe eziprintiweyo (PCBs) zivela phantse kuzo zonke izixhobo zombane. Ukuba kukho iinxalenye ze-elektroniki kwisixhobo, zonke zixhonywe kwiiPCB ezinobungakanani obahlukeneyo. Ukongeza kokulungisa iindawo ezincinci ezahlukeneyo, umsebenzi oyintloko wePCBkukubonelela ngodibaniso lombane oludibeneyo lwamacandelo ahlukeneyo angasentla. Njengoko izixhobo zombane ziba nzima ngakumbi nangakumbi, ziyafuneka iinxalenye ezininzi, kunye nemigca kunye neenxalenye kwiPCBzikwaxinene ngakumbi. UmgangathoPCBijongeka ngolu hlobo. Ibhodi engenanto (engenazo iinxalenye kuyo) ikwabizwa ngokuba yi “Printed Wiring Board (PWB).”
Isiseko sebhodi yebhodi ngokwayo yenziwe ngezinto ezikhuselayo ezingenakugoba lula. Izinto eziphathekayo zesekethe ezinqabileyo ezinokubonwa phezu komhlaba ziyi-foil yobhedu. Ekuqaleni, i-foil yobhedu yayigubungela yonke ibhodi, kodwa inxalenye yayo yabhalwa ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa, kwaye inxalenye eseleyo yaba yi-mesh-like thin circuit. . Ezi migca zibizwa ngokuba ziipateni zomqhubi okanye iingcingo, kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukubonelela ngoqhagamshelwano lombane kumacandelo kwiPCB.
Ukuqhoboshela iinxalenye kwiPCB, sithengisa izikhonkwane zabo ngokuthe ngqo kwi-wiring. Kwi-PCB esisiseko (icala elinye), iindawo zigxininiswe kwelinye icala kwaye iingcingo zigxininiswe kwelinye icala. Ngenxa yoko, kufuneka senze imingxuma ebhodini ukwenzela ukuba izikhonkwane zidlule ebhodini ukuya kwelinye icala, ngoko izikhonkwane zecandelo zithengiswa kwelinye icala. Ngenxa yoku, amacala angaphambili nangasemva ePCB abizwa ngokuba liCandelo leCandelo kunye necala leSolder, ngokulandelanayo.
Ukuba kukho iindawo ezithile kwi-PCB ekufuneka zisuswe okanye zibuyiselwe emva kokuba imveliso igqityiwe, iziseko ziya kusetyenziswa xa iinxalenye zifakwe. Ekubeni i-socket idityaniswe ngokuthe ngqo kwibhodi, iinxalenye ziyakwazi ukuchithwa kwaye zihlanganiswe ngokungaqhelekanga. Kubonwa ngezantsi i-ZIF (i-Zero Insertion Force) socket, evumela ukuba iindawo (kule meko, i-CPU) ifakwe lula kwi-socket kwaye isuswe. Ibha yokugcina ecaleni kwesokethi ukubamba indawo kwindawo emva kokuba uyifakile.
Ukuba ii-PCB ezimbini kufuneka ziqhagamshelwe enye kwenye, sidla ngokusebenzisa izihlanganisi edge eyaziwa ngokuba “yiminwe yegolide”. Iminwe yegolide iqulethe iipads ezininzi eziveziweyo zobhedu, eziyinxalenye yePCBuyilo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, xa sidibanisa, sifaka iminwe yegolide kwenye yeePCB kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo zokubeka kwenye i-PCB (ehlala ibizwa ngokuba yi-slots yokwandisa). Kwikhompyuter, njengekhadi lemizobo, ikhadi lesandi okanye amanye amakhadi ojongano olufanayo, aqhagamshelwe kwibhodi yomama ngeminwe yegolide.
Umbala oluhlaza okanye omdaka kwi-PCB ngumbala wemaski ye-solder. Lo maleko lukhuselo olukhusela iingcingo zobhedu kwaye luthintela iinxalenye ekuthengiseni kwindawo engafanelekanga. Uluhlu olongezelelweyo lwesikrini sesilika luprintwa kwi-mask solder. Ngokuqhelekileyo, okubhaliweyo kunye neesimboli (ubukhulu becala ezimhlophe) ziprintwa kule nto ukubonisa indawo yecandelo ngalinye ebhodini. Icala loshicilelo lwesikrini likwabizwa ngokuba licala lelegend.
Iibhodi ezicalanye
Sisanda kukhankanya ukuba kweyona PCB isisiseko, iindawo zigxininiswe kwelinye icala kwaye iingcingo zigxininiswe kwelinye icala. Ngenxa yokuba iingcingo zivela kwicala elinye kuphela, silubiza olu hloboPCBicala elinye (icala elinye). Ngenxa yokuba ibhodi enye inezithintelo ezininzi ezingqongqo kuyilo lwesekethe (kuba kukho icala elinye kuphela, i-wiring ayikwazi ukuwela kwaye kufuneka ijikeleze indlela eyahlukileyo), ngoko ke kuphela iisekethe zokuqala ezisetyenziselwa olu hlobo lwebhodi.
Iibhodi ezinaMacala amabini
Le bhodi ineengcingo kumacala omabini. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenzisa amacala amabini ocingo, kufuneka kubekho uxhulumaniso lwesekethe olufanelekileyo phakathi kwamacala amabini. "Iibhulorho" ezinjalo phakathi kweesekethe zibizwa ngokuba yi-vias. I-Vias yimingxunya emincinci kwi-PCB, ezaliswe okanye ipeyintwe ngentsimbi, enokuthi idityaniswe neengcingo kumacala omabini. Ngenxa yokuba indawo yebhodi enamacala amabini inkulu ngokuphindwe kabini kunaleyo yebhodi ecalanye, kwaye ngenxa yokuba i-wiring inokungenelela (inokulimala kwelinye icala), ifaneleke ngakumbi ukuba isetyenziswe kwizinto ezinzima ngakumbi. iisekethe kuneebhodi ezicalanye.
Iibhodi zamaLayi amaninzi
Ukuze kwandiswe indawo enokuthi ibe neengcingo, iibhodi zocingo ezinecala elinye okanye ezimbini zisetyenziselwa iibhodi ezininzi. Iibhodi ezininzi ze-Multi-layer zisebenzisa iibhodi ezininzi ezinamacala amabini, kwaye zibeka i-insulating layer phakathi kwebhodi nganye kunye ne-glue (cofa-fit). Inani leeleya zebhodi limele iileya ezininzi ezizimeleyo zocingo, ngokuqhelekileyo inani leeleya lilinganayo, kwaye libandakanya iileya ezimbini ezingaphandle. Uninzi lweebhodi ze-motherboard zi-4 ukuya kwi-8-layer, kodwa ngokobuchwepheshe, phantse i-100-layer.PCBiibhodi zinokufezekiswa. Uninzi lwee-supercomputers ezinkulu zisebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo ii-motherboards ezinomaleko amaninzi, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ezo khompyuter zinokutshintshwa ngamaqela eekhompyuter ezininzi eziqhelekileyo, iibhodi ezinomaleko obuninzi obuninzi ziye zayeka ukusetyenziswa. Kuba iileya kwi-aPCBzibotshelelwe ngokuqinileyo, akukho lula ukubona elona nani, kodwa ukuba ujonga kufutshane kwibhodi yomama, unokukwazi.
I-vias esisandula ukuyikhankanya, ukuba isetyenziswe kwibhodi emacala amabini, kufuneka ihlatywe kwibhodi yonke. Nangona kunjalo, kwibhodi ye-multilayer, ukuba ufuna kuphela ukudibanisa enye yale mikhondo, ngoko i-vias inokuchitha isithuba somkhondo kwezinye iileya. Wangcwatywa vias kunye iteknoloji vias oyimfama unako ukunqanda le ngxaki kuba ukungena kuphela ezimbalwa umaleko. I-Vis eyimfama idibanisa iileya ezininzi zeePCB zangaphakathi ukuya kwi-PCBs zomhlaba ngaphandle kokungena kwibhodi yonke. Ii-vias ezingcwatywayo ziqhagamshelwe kuphela ngaphakathiPCB, ngoko azinakubonwa phezu komhlaba.
Kwi-multi-layerPCB, lonke uluhlu luxhunywe ngokuthe ngqo kwintambo yomhlaba kunye nokunikezelwa kwamandla. Ngoko ke sihlela umaleko ngamnye njengomaleko wesiginali (Umqondiso), umaleko wamandla (Amandla) okanye umaleko womhlaba (uMgangatho). Ukuba iinxalenye zePCB zifuna unikezelo lwamandla olwahlukileyo, ngokwesiqhelo ezo PCB ziya kuba neeleya ezingaphezu kwesibini zamandla kunye neengcingo.